Damon Herd has written an interesting piece called Comics and Performance over at Comics Forum.
I took part in Damon's DeeCAP event a couple of times this year, which he makes mention of. Have a look
here.
"In March 2013 I hosted the inaugural DeeCAP (Dundee
Comics/Arts/ Performance) as part of Dundee Comics Expo. Since then two other
DeeCAPs have taken place, one in June as part of the International Graphic
Novel and International Bande Dessinée Conference in Glasgow and Dundee, and
the other as a comics workshop earlier this month, with students at the
University of Dundee.
DeeCAP was initially conceived as a way for an audience to
experience comics in a very different environment from the usual solitary
reading of strips in books or tablets. At a DeeCAP show visual imagery, which
can include comics, art or illustrations are projected onto a screen behind the
presenters as they read out and interact with the pictures.
The first event was hosted in a cinema at Dundee
Contemporary Arts and the presenters were David Robertson, Andrew Godfrey and
Rossi Gifford and myself. We all performed work that had previously been
published in print form. I presented my short strip The Origin of Ticking Boy
(2011), complete with a tick-tock soundtrack played through the cinema’s PA
system. David read three strips from his anthology Dump (2010) with his
excellent deadpan delivery. Rossi Gifford enthusiastically performed her story
from Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design’s publication Anthology
Three (2013). The strip, about a young woman, Tegan, and her robot protector
Galeron was an everyday tale of domesticity, romance, science fiction and
horror. Rossi ran around the auditorium, circling the audience to energetically
re-enact the events in her story. The last performance of the evening was the
most theatrical. Andrew Godfrey recreated an excerpt from his comic The CF
Diaries (2012), which chronicles his experiences of living with cystic
fibrosis. Partly a homage to Bob Flanagan, made famous in the documentary SICK
(1997), Andrew’s performance involved costumes, sound effects, music, and an
audience singalong making it a fitting finale to the evening.
Last month at the IGN & IBDS Conference I hosted another
DeeCAP at Dundee University for the conference attendees. There were some
returning presenters but my main intention this time was to highlight the performative
aspects. I played a live soundtrack on electric guitar to accompany my strip
There Will Be Distance. A new participant this time was Naomi Bridges, a
student on the Comics Studies MLitt at the University of Dundee. Naomi
performed an autobiographical strip about her experiences with music and ended
her piece by encouraging the whole audience to hum a low drone while she sang a
cappella folk songs over the top. It was a very different way to experience the
medium of comics.
The third DeeCAP was different; it took the form of a
two-hour workshop for visiting students from the USA. With little knowledge
beforehand of what they would be asked to do, the students were split into two
groups and asked to come up with a short comic based on their experiences of
Scotland so far. Impressively, they were up to the task and produced two very
interesting autobiographical comics about seemingly mundane incidents. One
element that was particularly interesting about the performances was how each
group performed the comic as an ensemble, each person acting out and narrating
different characters in the story. The group dynamic produced very different
presentations than the individual readings at previous DeeCAPs, something to be
encouraged at future events.
While DeeCAP was a new event in Dundee it is not a new idea.
I was inspired by reading about Robert Sikoryaks’s Carousel performance
evenings of ‘Cartoon Slide Shows and Other Projected Pictures’ in New York. Sikoryak likens his event to a radio show with sound effects and
music, which is combined with visual imagery. The co-mingling of words and
pictures in comics is further mixed with sound and performance. Sikoryak has
been hosting these ‘slide show readings by cartoonists and performers’ since 1997
and there are over 100 performers listed on the Carousel website including
Gabrielle Bell, Peter Kuper, Dean Haspiel, Miriam Katin, Sam Henderson and Kate
Beaton. Henderson has compared the shows to ‘stand-up comedy without the need
to memorize material, or even stand up’ and notes how the opportunity to test
material in front of an audience can be helpful in working out nuance and
pacing (2012).
The idea of performing alongside images did not originate
with Sikoryak either, although he is the most prolific contemporary promoter of
the form. In the first decade of the twentieth century Winsor McCay began
working in vaudeville to supplement his income as a newspaper cartoonist on
strips such as Little Nemo in Slumberland. McCay, and other cartoonists such as
Bud Fisher, were working as ‘lightning sketchers’ at ‘Chalk Talks’, a popular
Victorian parlour entertainment that had ‘made the transition to the vaudeville
stage in the late nineteenth century’ (Canemaker 2005). At Chalk Talks the
performer would sketch quickly on a blackboard while telling a story, gradually
adjusting the image as the tale progressed.
McCay would later introduce animated films into his
performances, the most famous being Gertie the Dinosaur (1914). McCay
interacted with the dinosaur on stage, introducing Gertie to the audience who
watched the animation behind him. Gertie left her cave slowly and walked
towards them. She munched on a tree, fought with a mammoth and then ate an
apple that McCay threw to her. In McCay’s hands the apple was a large cardboard
prop that he slipped behind the screen a split-second before it appeared on
film flying into Gertie’s mouth. The performance ended with McCay appearing to
walk into the screen and climb on Gertie’s back as she walked off screen. By
this time McCay’s act had become more of an interaction between performance and
animation rather than comics but his comics work and animation continued to
influence each other.
Contemporary comics creators embracing performance have
included Alan Moore, who in 1995 staged a spoken word performance called The
Birth Caul (A Shamanism of Childhood), which had music by David J and Tim
Perkins. This was one of several collaborations between Moore and these
musicians, which Moore intended to be ‘one off performances that would be
preserved as a CD’ (Moore 2008). Unlike McCay’s performances or those featured
in Carousel, The Birth Caul was not intended to have a visual element. The
later comic book version by Eddie Campell was, according to Moore, an
adaptation or ‘mix’ of the original piece, a reworking of ‘performance art into
a more narrative medium’ (2008).
Like McCay and Moore, Ben Katchor, also a contributor to
Carousel, initially did not use comics in his performances. In 1995 Katchor
produced ‘radio cartoons’ of his strip Juilus Knipl, Real Estate Photographer
for NPR. However Katchor has gone on to more fully embrace comics as
performance with what he calls ‘Pictographic ballad operas’. Since 2004 he has
collaborated with musician Mark Mulcahy on a series of contemporary
music-theater productions that harken back to the ballad operas of 18th century
England as well as the vaudeville tradition of McCay. The shows mix popular
musical forms with visual projections. In these performances Mulcahy sings
Katchor’s words as he plays his own music while behind them Katchor’s drawing
are projected. Their 2009 commission A Checkroom Romance brings to mind the
soundtrack to the Daniel Clowes comic Like a Velvet Glove cast in Iron by
Victor Banana (cartoonist Tim Hensley) with its slightly jokey jazz and easy
listening inflected tunes. It would be interesting to see Hensley’s soundtrack
as a performance alongside Clowes’ images as it adds another creepy layer to
the already sinister happenings in the book.
Comics performances have also recently turned up in
unexpected areas. At the Narrative Future for Health Care Conference in June
2013 David Small was a keynote speaker. He started his presentation by playing
a film of a passage from his autobiographical comic book Stitches (2009). The
film played still images from the book along with an audio track of Small
reading the text mixed with the music of Morton Feldman. Small talked later
about the importance of Feldman’s music to him when making Stitches. Screened
in the dark in a large auditorium and on a big screen with a good quality sound
system, it was an absorbing and powerful way to experience Small’s work. On a
lighter note, Paul Gravett’s keynote speech at the 2013 Graphic Medicine
conference can be seen on the Graphic Medicine website. It is worth catching as
in the middle of his speech Gravett does a very entertaining read through of
the 1950s strip ‘Calling Nurse Abbott!’ from Girl comic, complete with
different voices for each character.
There are potentially endless ways for comics to interact
with performance. In Bart Beaty’s current research project Comics Off The Page,
he is investigating ‘comics artists who are bringing comics into conversation
with other art forms like dance, musical performance, painting, sculpture, and
architecture’ (2012b). At the Comics & The Multimodal World Conference in
Vancouver in June 2013 Beaty used his keynote speech to elaborate on the many
ways that artists are stretching the boundaries of comics. Some artists have
drawn live on stage alongside a band playing music adapting their drawing to
the music. Others, such as Jerome Mulot and Florent Ruppert create site
specific comics, and have used the audience as an interactive performance art
element in the production of strips.
The act of performance does change the way in which we
experience comics, and it also raises the question of whether we can still call
them comics. The main difference between watching such a presentation and
reading a comic is the loss of control of the narrative for the reader. They
also cannot choose not to have sound effects, unless they bring earplugs. In
this way, the experience has parallels with reading digital comics that have
music or effects in them. At DeeCAP most presenters chose to show their strips
one panel at a time, much like the ‘guided view’ in digital comics apps such as
Comixology. This allows the audience time to soak up the information in each
panel, an effect helped by the vastly increased size of the panels on the
cinema screen. Crucially though, this stops the audience seeing other panels at
the same time, causing the design of the page to become irrelevant. For the
second DeeCAP event I created a new strip specifically to be performed and so
considered it from the start as panel by panel rather than page by page. The
audience can still influence the experience however. Like Sam Henderson, David
Robertson noted on his blog that during the first DeeCAP he was able to ‘linger
on any [images] that were getting a good laugh, or had some chicken fat I
thought might be picked up by the audience’ (2013).
In his essay ‘Defining Comics?’ (2007) Aaron Meskin argues
against essentialist definitions of comics and discusses the way that comics
can be defined by ‘typical features’. For example, comics typically have panels
but they are not a necessary feature. Meskin then discusses a move away from
the comics ‘definitional project’ and suggests that ‘perhaps something is a
comic just in case it is/was nonpassingly intended for regard-as-comic’ (2007:
376). This is a move towards defining comics along social rather than
functional lines in a similar way to that proposed by Bart Beaty in Comics
Versus Art (2012). Building on the theories of Pierre Bourdieu and George
Dickie, Beaty proposes that ‘comics can be defined as objects recognized by the
comics world as comics’ (2012b: 37). The comics performances presented in
DeeCAP or Carousel retain many of Meskin’s ‘typical features’, such as panels
or speech balloons so they can still be considered comics by that definition.
However, they are also created by and for those in, what Beaty has termed, the
‘comics art world’ and so can also be considered as comics in a cultural sense.
This current wealth of comics and performance events show
that the art form of comics continues to mutate and evolve. Choreographer Sidi
Larbi Cherkaoui presented his latest work TeZuKa at Sadler’s Wells in London in
2011. A dance production based on the life and work of Osamu Tezuka, this
multi-media event used Tezuka’s illustrations projected alongside the work of
video artists, calligraphers, musicians and dancers. There are also other
simpler forms of comics and performance that hark back to the Chalk Talks of
vaudeville. Searching the phrase ‘Draw My Life’ on YouTube brings up a whole
host of short videos uploaded by individuals telling the story of their lives
while drawing it out on white boards like Victorian ‘lightning sketchers’. They
continually edit and erase the drawings as the talk progresses, modern
technology bringing an experience from the days of vaudeville into everybody’s
home. At this moment there is also a boom in comics performance events, as well
as Carousel and DeeCAP there are several other events in Portland, Oregon
alone, including The Projects and the Comic Artist Nights at the Portland
Opera. Along with comics performances such as Mulot and Ruppert these will
hopefully lead to even more exciting and interesting ways to experience the
comics medium."
Damon is a good cartoonist, and you can see more on his comics
here.
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